Urinary Tract Infection

What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects parts of the urinary system, which includes the bladder, kidneys, ureters, and urethra. UTIs happen when bacteria, fungi, or viruses get into the urinary tract, leading to discomfort and other symptoms.

UTIs are very common, affecting millions of people worldwide. In Africa, many women and men experience UTIs but may not recognize the symptoms early or may ignore them due to cultural perceptions about urinary issues. Studies estimate that at least 1 in 3 African women will experience a UTI at some point in their lives.

While UTIs can affect both men and women, women are at higher risk because their urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body) is shorter and closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to enter.

How common is UTI in Africa?

UTIs are one of the most common infections in Africa, but many people do not seek treatment due to stigma, lack of awareness, or limited access to healthcare.

  • A study in Ghana found that over 40% of women visiting hospitals for genital or urinary issues had a UTI.
  • In Nigeria, a study showed that more than 60% of pregnant women tested had a UTI without even realizing it.
  • In rural areas, many people rely on traditional herbal treatments, some of which may help, but others may delay proper medical care.

Ignoring UTIs can lead to serious complications, such as kidney damage, infertility, and complications during pregnancy.

What are the symptoms of UTI?

The symptoms of a UTI depend on which part of the urinary tract is affected.

Lower tract UTI (bladder and urethra)

This is the most common type and affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms include:

  • Burning pain when urinating
  • Frequent urge to urinate, even when little urine comes out
  • Cloudy, smelly, or bloody urine
  • Pain in the lower belly or back

Upper tract UTI (kidneys and ureters)

If the infection spreads to the kidneys, it becomes more serious and can be life-threatening. Symptoms include:

  • High fever and chills
  • Pain in the back or sides
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Extreme tiredness

UTI symptoms in men vs. women

  • Women: More likely to experience pelvic pain and frequent urination.
  • Men: May experience rectal pain and a burning sensation during urination.

What causes UTIs?

UTIs happen when bacteria enter the urinary tract. The most common bacteria that cause UTIs is Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is found in the intestines and can enter the urethra due to poor hygiene or other factors.

Risk factors for UTIs?

Some things increase the chance of getting a UTI, including:

  • Not drinking enough water: Dehydration is common in hot African climates and can increase UTI risk.
  • Poor hygiene: Not wiping properly (women should wipe front to back after using the toilet).
  • Sexual activity: Bacteria can enter the urethra during sex.
  • Holding in urine for too long: This allows bacteria to grow in the bladder.
  • Pregnancy: Changes in hormones and pressure on the bladder increase risk.
  • Menopause: Lower estrogen levels can increase the risk of infections.
  • Diabetes: High sugar levels can help bacteria grow in the urinary tract.

UTIs during pregnancy?

Pregnant women are at higher risk of UTIs because of hormonal changes and pressure on the bladder. If untreated, UTIs can lead to preterm birth, low birth weight, or kidney infections. Pregnant women should get tested for UTIs regularly and seek treatment immediately if they notice symptoms.

How are UTIs diagnosed?

If you have symptoms, a doctor will test your urine for bacteria. The test may include:

  • Urine sample test: Checks for infection-causing bacteria.
  • Urine culture: Identifies the exact bacteria causing the infection.
  • Blood tests: If the doctor suspects the infection has spread to the kidneys.

How can you prevent UTIs?

Many UTIs can be prevented with simple lifestyle changes:

  • Drink at least 6-8 glasses of water daily to flush out bacteria.
  • Always urinate after sex to help clear bacteria from the urethra.
  • Do not hold in urine for too long; go when you feel the urge.
  • Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from spreading.
  • Avoid using harsh soaps or douches that can disturb the natural balance of bacteria.
  • Wear loose cotton underwear to keep the area dry and prevent bacterial growth.
  • Avoid too much sugar in your diet, as bacteria thrive in sugary environments.
  • For women after menopause, consult a doctor about estrogen-based creams to prevent infections.

How are UTIs treated?

Treatment depends on what caused the UTI:

  • Bacterial UTI: Treated with antibiotics. It’s important to complete the full course even if you feel better.
  • Fungal UTI: Treated with antifungal medications.
  • Viral UTI: Treated with antiviral drugs.

For mild cases, drinking plenty of water and taking cranberry juice or certain local herbal remedies may help, but it’s always best to consult a doctor.

When to see a doctor?

See a doctor immediately if:

  • You have a fever, chills, or back pain (this may mean the infection has reached your kidneys).
  • You have recurring UTIs (more than 3 infections in a year).

You are pregnant and experience UTI symptoms.