Anxiety

What is anxiety?

Anxiety is a normal response of the body to stress. It is that feeling of worry, fear, or nervousness about something that may happen. Imagine waiting for an important job interview or receiving news about a loved one in the hospital, that feeling of unease is anxiety. However, when anxiety becomes excessive and long lasting, it can interfere daily life.

How common is anxiety in Africa?

Anxiety is a widespread issue across Africa, though many people do not talk about it due to stigma. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one in four Africans will experience a mental health condition, including anxiety, in their lifetime. Studies in Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa suggest that about 10-20% ofpeople suffer from anxiety disorders, but many do not seek help due to cultural beliefs and lack of awareness.

Signs and symptoms of anxiety?

Anxiety affects both the body and mind. Common signs include:

  • Constant worry, fear, or panic about daily activities
  • Restlessness or feeling “on edge”
  • Rapid heartbeat or pounding chest
  • Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
  • Sweating excessively, even when it’s not hot
  • Shaking or trembling
  • Weakness or tiredness
  • Trouble sleeping (insomnia)
  • Stomach problems like gas, constipation, or diarrhoea
  • Avoiding situations that trigger anxiety
  • Repeating behaviours (such as checking things constantly)

Types of anxiety disorders?

There are different forms of anxiety, including:

  • Panic disorder: Sudden episodes of intense fear, sometimes mistaken for a heart attack.
  • Phobias: Extreme fear of objects, places, or situations (e.g., fear of heights or snakes).
  • Social anxiety disorder: Fear of being judged or embarrassed in public.
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions (e.g., excessive handwashing).
  • Separation anxiety: Extreme distress when away from loved ones, especially in children.
  • Illness anxiety disorder: Constant worry about having a serious illness despite medical reassurance.

What causes anxiety? Who is at risk?

Many factors contribute to anxiety, such as:

  • Personality traits: Some people are naturally more anxious.
  • Life experiences: Trauma, abuse, poverty, or stressful events can trigger anxiety.
  • Genetics: If a family member has anxiety, you may be more likely to develop it.
  • Health conditions: Illnesses like sickle cell disease, asthma, and thyroid disorders can increase anxiety.
  • Substances: High caffeine intake (such as drinking too much coffee or energy drinks) can worsen symptoms.

How is anxiety diagnosed?

There is no single test for anxiety. Instead, doctors may:

  • Ask about your symptoms and lifestyle.
  • Perform physical examinations to rule out medical causes.
  • Use psychological questionnaires to assess anxiety levels.

How can anxiety be treated?

The good news is that anxiety is treatable! Here are some common treatments:

Therapy (Counselling)

  • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): Helps people change negative thought patterns.
  • Exposure therapy: Gradually exposes a person to their fears to reduce anxiety over time.

Lifestyle and natural remedies

  • Exercise: Regular physical activity reduces stress.
  • Healthy eating: Eating balanced meals (including local African foods like plantains, beans, and leafy vegetables) can improve mood.
  • Relaxation techniques: Meditation, deep breathing, and prayer can help.
  • Social support: Talking to trusted family or community members provides relief.

Medication (for severe cases)

  • Doctors may prescribe anti-anxiety or antidepressant medications, but these should only be taken under medical supervision.

Final message: anxiety is manageable?

Anxiety is common, but it should not control your life. Seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. If you or someone you know is struggling with anxiety, talk to a healthcare provider, a trusted elder, or a counsellor. Remember, your mental health is just as important as your physical health!