Cancer

What is cancer?

Cancer is a disease that happens when the body’s cells start to grow uncontrollably. Instead of dying when they should, these abnormal cells keep multiplying and can spread to other parts of the body. This spreading is called metastasis, and it is what makes cancer life-threatening.

Cancer is a major health problem in Africa. Every year, around 1.1 million new cancer cases are recorded on the continent, leading to about 700,000 deaths. If nothing changes, cancer deaths in sub-Saharan Africa could reach 1 million per year by 2030. The number of new cases is also expected to double by 2040.

Unlike in Western countries where cancer treatment is widely available, many Africans are diagnosed too late, making treatment less effective. Raising awareness and detecting cancer early can save lives.

What causes cancer?

Cancer is mainly caused by mutations, which are changes in the DNA of our cells. These mutations can be inherited (passed down from parents) or acquired during life due to external factors. Some of these factors, known as carcinogens (cancer-causing agents), include:

  • Tobacco smoke (smoking and secondhand smoke)
  • Alcohol consumption (drinking too much alcohol over time)
  • Infections (such as hepatitis B, HPV, and HIV)
  • Unhealthy diet (low fruit and vegetable intake, processed foods, sugary drinks)
  • Exposure to harmful chemicals (pesticides, asbestos, pollution)
  • Radiation and excessive sunlight (UV rays from the sun)
  • Obesity and lack of physical activity

With these risk factors, the likelihood of developing cancer increases with age, but even young people are not entirely safe.

How common is cancer in Africa?

In Africa, cancer is often seen as a disease of the rich, but this is not true. Many people assume cancer is caused by witchcraft or curses, leading them to delay seeking medical help. In reality, cancer is increasing across all social classes. Some of the most common cancers affecting Africans include:

  • Cervical cancer (most common among women)
  • Breast cancer (affecting both women and, rarely, men)
  • Prostate cancer (affecting men, especially those over 50)
  • Liver cancer (linked to hepatitis B and alcohol abuse)
  • Colorectal cancer (affecting the digestive system)

The lack of screening and proper healthcare facilities means many cases are diagnosed too late, making treatment difficult.

What are the signs and symptoms of cancer?

Cancer symptoms can vary depending on the type of cancer. However, some general warning signs include:

  • Unexplained lumps or swellings on the body
  • Sudden weight loss without trying
  • Long-lasting fever
  • Extreme fatigue or tiredness
  • Unexplained pain that won’t go away
  • Frequent night sweats
  • Changes in digestion (constipation, diarrhoea, or blood in stool)
  • Changes in skin (darkened patches, yellowing, sores that won’t heal)
  • Persistent cough or hoarseness

If you experience any of these symptoms for an extended period, seek medical attention immediately.

Myths and misconceptions about cancer?

There are many myths about cancer in Africa that prevent people from seeking treatment. Here are some common ones:

  • Cancer only affects rich people. False! Cancer affects everyone, regardless of wealth.
  • Cancer is caused by witchcraft orcurses. False! Cancer is caused by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Cancer is alwaysfatal. False! If caught early, many cancers can be treated successfully.
  • There is a single cure for cancer. False! Cancer treatment involves different approaches like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Understanding these facts can help in early detection and treatment.

How can you prevent cancer?

Although not all cancers can be prevented, adopting a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk significantly. Here are some practical steps you can take:

  • Quit smoking: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
  • Eat healthy: Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in your diet.
  • Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive drinking increases cancer risk.
  • Exercise regularly: At least 30 minutes of physical activity per day.
  • Get vaccinated: Vaccinations against hepatitis B and HPV can prevent liver and cervical cancer.
  • Protect your skin: Avoid too much sun exposure and use sunscreen.
  • Avoid processed and red meats: They are linked to colorectal cancer.
  • Get regular check-ups: Early detection can save your life.

The importance of early detection?

Early detection is key to beating cancer. If cancer is found in its early stages, it is easier to treat. Screening tests help detect cancer before symptoms appear. Some common screenings include:

  • Breast cancer: Mammograms for women over 40
  • Cervical cancer: Pap smears for women starting at 21
  • Prostate cancer: PSA tests for men over 50
  • Colorectal cancer: Colonoscopy for people over 45
  • Lung cancer: For heavy smokers, regular lung scans are recommended If you have a family history of cancer, talk to your doctor about getting screened earlier.

How cancer spreads?

Cancer cells grow abnormally and multiply uncontrollably. Here’s how it progresses:

  • Abnormal cell division: Cells start growing when they shouldn’t.
  • Formation of tumors: These abnormal cells form lumps (tumors) in different parts of the body.
  • Metastasis: Cancer cells spread to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The earlier it is caught, the better the chances of stopping its spread.

How is cancer treated?

Cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of the disease. Some common treatment methods include:

  • Surgery: Removing the cancerous tumor
  • Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells
  • Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells
  • Targeted therapy: Using drugs that specifically attack cancer cells without harming normal cells
  • Immunotherapy: Boosting the body’s immune system to fight cancer

In late-stage cancer, palliative care is provided to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Final thoughts: Early detection saves lives!

Cancer is not a death sentence. Many cancers can be treated successfully if caught early. The key to fighting cancer is awareness, prevention, and early detection.

  • Know the risk factors and avoid them.
  • Get regular check-ups and screenings.
  • Do not ignore early warning signs.

Share this information with your family and friends. Together, we can fight cancer and save lives.