Drug Addiction

What is drug addiction (substance use disorder)?

Drug addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is when a person loses control over their use of a drug, whether legal or illegal. This includes substances such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana (locally called ‘wee’), and certain prescription medicines like tramadol and codeine.

At first, a person may take drugs just for fun or to escape stress. However, over time, the body starts depending on the drug, and the person may need larger amounts to feel the same effect. Eventually, the person may struggle to stop, even when they know the drug is harming them.

How common is drug addiction in Africa?

Drug addiction is a growing problem in Africa. According to the united nations office on drugs and crime (UNODC), more than 40 million Africans suffer from drug-related disorders. In countries like Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa, drug use among the youth is rising. In West Africa, tramadol abuse has become a major concern, especially among young men involved in hard labor and commercial motorcycle riding (‘okada’). In South Africa, the use of methamphetamine (‘tik’) is common among young people.

Who is at risk of drug addiction?

Drug addiction can happen to anyone, but some factors make people more vulnerable:

• Young people: Teenagers and young adults are at higher risk because they often experiment with substances.
• Peer pressure: Many people start using drugs because their friends are doing it.
• Family history: If a parent or close relative is addicted, there is a higher chance that their children may develop the same problem.
• Exposure to trauma or stress: People who experience abuse, violence, or extreme hardship may turn to drugs to cope.
• Easy access to drugs: When drugs are available in a community, more people tend to use them.

Types of drugs that cause addiction?

Depressants (slow down brain activity)

These drugs make a person feel relaxed or sleepy but can lead to dangerous addiction.

• Alcohol: One of the most abused substances in Africa, leading to liver disease and road accidents.
• Heroin: Causes a strong high but leads to serious withdrawal symptoms.
• Tranquilizers: Medications used for sleep or anxiety but can be addictive if misused.

Stimulants (increase brain activity)

These drugs make people feel energetic and confident but can harm the heart and brain.

• Cocaine (‘crack’, ‘snow’): Very addictive and common in some urban areas.
• Methamphetamine (‘ice’, ‘tik’): Found in South Africa and becoming a problem in other regions.
• Marijuana (‘wee’, ‘ganja’): While some use it for medical reasons, excessive use can lead to mental health issues.

‘Club’ drugs (used in nightlife and parties)

• Ecstasy (MDMA, ‘molly’): Causes high energy and hallucinations.
• Ketamine (‘special K’): Used as an anesthetic but misused in clubs.
• Rohypnol (‘roofie’): Can be used to commit sexual assault (date rape drug).

Other substances

• Steroids: Misused by athletes to build muscle but cause severe health problems.
• Inhalants: Common household chemicals (glue, paint, hair spray) that people sniff for a high.

Stages of drug addiction?

• Experimentation: The person tries the drug for fun or curiosity.
• Regular Use: They start using the drug to deal with stress or problems.
• Risky Use: The person prioritizes drugs over responsibilities and relationships.
• Dependence: The person cannot function without the drug and experiences withdrawal symptoms if they stop.

How to prevent drug addiction?

• Parental guidance: Parents should talk to their children about the dangers of drugs.
• Community support: Schools, religious groups, and community leaders should educate people about drug abuse.
• Healthy coping mechanisms: Engaging in sports, music, or other hobbies can help prevent drug use.
• Reducing stigma: People with addiction should be encouraged to seek help instead of being judged.

Treatment for drug addiction?

Treatment depends on the drug being used and the level of addiction. Some options include:

• Medical detoxification: The drug is removed from the body under medical supervision.
• Counseling and therapy: Individual and group therapy help people understand and control their addiction.
• Rehabilitation Centers: Specialized facilities provide long-term recovery programs.
• Medication-assisted treatment: Certain medications can help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

Key takeaways?

• Drug addiction is a serious issue in Africa, affecting millions of young people.
• Prevention starts with awareness and education. Families, schools, and communities play a key role.
• Help is available. Addiction can be treated, and recovery is possible.

If you or someone you know is struggling with drug addiction, seek help from a healthcare professional or a local support group.