Meningitis

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is a serious infection that causes swelling in the protective layers (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is commonly caused by bacteria and viruses, though fungi and other conditions can also be responsible. Some types of meningitis can spread through coughing, sneezing, and close contact with infected individuals.

How common is meningitis in Africa?

Meningitis is a major health concern in Africa, especially in the “Meningitis Belt,” which stretches from Senegal to Ethiopia. According to the world health organization (WHO), Africa records about 30,000 meningitis cases every year, with outbreaks occurring mainly in the dry season between December and June. Ghana, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Chad are among the most affected countries.

One of the most dangerous forms of meningitis in Africa is cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM), caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. This form of meningitis can cause death within hours if not treated early. In 2016–2017, a severe outbreak in Nigeria led to over 14,000 cases and 1,166 deaths.

Symptoms of meningitis?

Meningitis symptoms can develop suddenly, and early treatment is crucial. The symptoms may vary by age and the type of meningitis:

Viral meningitis symptoms

Viral meningitis is the most common and usually less severe.

  • In babies and young children:
  • Refusing to eat
  • Irritability (constant crying or restlessness)
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Skin rashes • Breathing difficulties
  • In adults:
  • Severe headaches
  • Fever
  • Stiff neck
  • Sensitivity to bright light
  • Seizures (uncontrollable body shaking)
  • Drowsiness or difficulty waking up
  • Nausea and vomiting

Bacterial meningitis symptoms

Bacterial meningitis is more severe and life-threatening if not treated quickly.

  • Symptoms include:
  • Confusion or difficulty thinking
  • High fever and chills
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Severe headaches
  • Stiff neck
  • Purple spots on the skin
  • Loss of consciousness

Causes of meningitis?

Meningitis occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade the protective layers around the brain.

Types of meningitis and their causes:

  • Bacterial meningitis (most dangerous type) – Caused by:
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (found in the throat and nose)
  • Neisseria meningitidis (causes meningococcal meningitis, common in Africa)
  • Listeria monocytogenes (from contaminated food)
  • Staphylococcus aureus (found on the skin and nose)
  • Viral meningitis (most common type) – Caused by:
  • Coxsackievirus (common cold virus)
  • West Nile virus (spread by mosquitoes)
  • Influenza virus (causes flu)
  • Mumps and measles viruses
  • Fungal meningitis (affects weak immune systems) – Caused by:
  • Cryptococcus (from bird droppings and soil)
  • Blastomyces (from infected soil)
  • Histoplasma (from bat and bird droppings)
  • Parasitic meningitis: Caused by parasites found in contaminated food or water.
  • Chronic meningitis: Long-term meningitis that lasts more than 4 weeks, usually caused by fungal infections or immune system disorders.

Prevention: can meningitis be avoided?

Yes! Several steps can help prevent meningitis, especially in high-risk areas like Africa:

  • Vaccination:
  • Meningococcal vaccine is available and recommended for children, travelers, and those living in meningitis-prone areas.
  • Pneumococcal and Hib vaccines also help prevent some bacterial meningitis cases.
  • Good hygiene practices:
  • Wash hands regularly with soap and water.
  • Avoid sharing food, drinks, and utensils.
  • Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing.
  • Control of dust and crowding:
  • In Africa, meningitis outbreaks increase during dusty, dry seasons. Wearing masks or covering your nose with a wet cloth can help reduce exposure.

Treatment of meningitis?

The treatment of meningitis depends on the type of infection:

  • Bacterial meningitis: Requires urgent hospitalization. Treatment includes strong antibiotics and steroids to prevent brain damage or death.
  • Viral meningitis: Usually goes away on its own within 10 days. Rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and painkillers can help relieve symptoms.
  • Fungal meningitis: Treated with antifungal drugs, usually given in a hospital.
  • Chronic meningitis: Requires treatment for the underlying cause, such as immune system disorders or long-term infections.