Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It involves an immune system attack on myelin, the protective layer of nerve fibres, leading to inflammation, lesions, and permanent scarring that disrupts the brain’s ability to send signals throughout the body.
What are the risk factors for MS?
- Genetics (family history)
- Obesity
- Certain infections
- Smoking
- Other autoimmune diseases like diabetes and arthritis What are the symptoms of MS?
- Fatigue: extreme tiredness, making daily tasks difficult
- Walking problems: due to numbness, weak muscles, or balance issues
- Vision problems: blurry vision, eye pain, double vision, or blindness
- Speech issues: slurred speech, pauses between words, or voice changes
- Pain and tremors: sudden or long-term pain, shaking hands or body
- Cognitive issues: memory problems, trouble focusing, or difficulty finding words
- Bladder problems: needing to urinate often or difficulty holding urine
How is MS diagnosed?
- MRI scan: checks for brain and spinal cord damage
- Eye test (OCT): examines the optic nerve for signs of MS
- Spinal tap: checks spinal fluid for signs of MS
- Blood tests: rules out other diseases
How is MS treated?
- Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): slow MS progression and reduce relapses
- Medications: manage pain, muscle stiffness, and fatigue
- Physical therapy: helps with movement and muscle strength