Prostate Cancer

What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. In Africa, it is a major health concern, with cases rising rapidly due to increased life expectancy and better diagnostic tools. According to the Global Cancer Observatory, prostate cancer accounts for about 37% of all cancer cases in men in some African countries.

The prostate is a small gland found in a man’s lower abdomen, located just below the bladder and surrounding the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body). This gland plays a crucial role in male fertility as it produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.

Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the prostate, forming a tumor. If not detected early, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the bones and lymph nodes.

Common misconceptions about prostate cancer?

Many men fear that all prostate-related diseases are cancer. However, this is not true. Conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which causes prostate enlargement, are not cancerous but may cause similar symptoms. The key is to visit a doctor for proper diagnosis if you experience any symptoms.

Who is at risk of prostate cancer?

While any man can develop prostate cancer, certain factors increase the likelihood of getting it:

  • Age: Men over 50 years are at a higher risk.
  • Family history: If a father, brother, or uncle had prostate cancer, the risk is higher.
  • Ethnicity: African men, especially those of west African descent, have the highest risk worldwide.
  • Lifestyle factors: Obesity, lack of exercise, and poor diet may contribute to the development of prostate cancer.
  • Genetic changes: Some inherited gene mutations increase the risk.

How common is prostate cancer in Africa?

Prostate cancer is becoming more common in Africa due to longer life expectancy and improved diagnosis. In Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa, prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among men. However, early detection can save lives.

Symptoms of prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer develops slowly and may not show symptoms in the early stages. However, as the disease progresses, you may experience:

Urinary problems

  • Frequent need to urinate, especially at night.
  • Difficulty starting or stopping urination.
  • A weak urine stream.
  • Blood in the urine.

Sexual problems

  • Erectile dysfunction (difficulty getting or maintaining an erection).
  • Pain during ejaculation.
  • Blood in semen.

Pain and numbness

  • Lower back, hip, or pelvic pain.
  • Numbness or weakness in the legs.
  • Loss of bladder or bowel control if the cancer spreads to the spinal cord.

Early detection and screening?

Early detection can increase survival rates by up to 98%. Regular screening helps detect prostate cancer before symptoms appear.

Prostate cancer screening by age?

  • Age 40: Men with multiple close relatives who had prostate cancer before age 65.
  • Age 45: African men and those with a first-degree relative diagnosed before 65.
  • Age 50: Men at average risk.

Screening tests?

  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: A blood test that checks for high levels of a protein linked to prostate issues.
  • Digital rectal exam (DRE): A doctor checks the prostate gland for any unusual lumps by inserting a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum.
  • Imaging tests: MRI or ultrasound to detect abnormalities.
  • Prostate biopsy: If PSA levels are high or the DRE detects abnormalities, a biopsy (removing small prostate tissue for examination) may be necessary.

How is prostate cancer treated?

If diagnosed early, prostate cancer is highly treatable. Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, age, and overall health.

Treatment options?

  • Active surveillance: Monitoring small, slow-growing tumors without immediate treatment.
  • Surgery (prostatectomy): Removing the prostate gland.
  • Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
  • Hormone therapy: Reducing testosterone levels to slow cancer growth.
  • Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells, especially in advanced cases.
  • Cryotherapy: Freezing cancer cells to destroy them.
  • Immunotherapy: Boosting the immune system to fight cancer.

Taking charge of your prostate health?

Lifestyle changes to reduce risk

  • Eat a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
  • Reduce intake of red meat and processed foods.
  • Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight.
  • Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Get regular health check-ups, especially if you have risk factors.